COMPARISON OF THE ADDITION OF TRIACETIN TO PETROLEUM AND WASTE PLASTIC FUELS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v60.i4.2025.6Keywords:
Bio-additive, Fuel, Glycerol, Octane Number, TriacetinAbstract
The increasing production capacity of biodiesel every year, the by product in the form of glycerol is increasing and causing the price of glycerol to fall. To increase its value, glycerol can be synthesized into triacetin which can be used as a fuel bio-additive. This study aims to determine the effect of triacetin on the quality of the fuel produced by the pyrolysis of plastic waste and RON 88 gasoline. The research method begins with the synthesis of triacetin from glycerol and acetic acid using Amberlyst 15 wet catalyst in a three-neck flask. The operating temperature was maintained at 100oC with a mixing speed of 290 rpm. Then the triacetin obtained were mixed with fuel from the plastic waste pyrolysis and RON 88 gasoline with a percentage variation of 0 % to 20 % v/v. The best effect was obtained by adding 20 % v/v of triacetin to each fuel. In the plastic waste pyrolysis fuel, the density and viscosity decreased by 0.0046 and 0.093, respectively, and increased calorific value by 160.87. While the RON 88 fuel can increase the mileage by 4.60 % on car engines and 11.11 % on motorcycle engines and can increase the octane number up to 89.
References
J. Zhang, Y. Wang, V. L. Muldoon, and S. Deng, Crude glycerol and glycerol as fuels and fuel additives in combustion applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.,159, 2022, 112206.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration, Biodiesel production. World; 2020. Annual. https://www.eia.gov/opendata/v1/qb.php?sdid=INTL.81-1-WORL-TBPD.A (accessed Oct. 09, 2022).
The U.S. Energy Information Administration, EIA projects U.S. biofuel production to slowly increase through 2050. 2020. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=43096 (accessed Oct. 09, 2022).
J. A. Melero, R. van Grieken, G. Morales, and M. Paniagua, Acidic mesoporous silica for the acetylation of glycerol: Synthesis of bioadditives to petrol fuel, Energy and Fuels, 21, 3, 2007, 1782–1791.
Z. Mufrodi, R. Rochmadi, S. Sutijan, and A. Budiman, Continuous Process of Reactive Distillation to Produce Bio-additive Triacetin From Glycerol, Mod. Appl. Sci., 7, 10, 2013, 70–78.
F. M. Perez, M. N. Gatti, N. N. Nichio, and F. Pompeo, Bio-additives from glycerol acetylation with acetic acid: Chemical equilibrium model, Results Eng., 15, 1, 2022, 100502.
U. I. Nda-Umar, I. Ramli, Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, and E. N. Muhamad, An overview of recent research in the conversion of glycerol into biofuels, fuel additives and other bio-based chemicals, Catalysts, 9, 1, 2019.
Z. Mufrodi, E. Astuti, A. Aktawan, and S. Purwono, The Effect of Recycle Stream on the Selectivity and Yield of the Formation of Triacetin from Glycerol, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 175, 1, 2018, 1-7.
P. S. Reddy, P. Sudarsanam, G. Raju, and B. M. Reddy, Synthesis of bio-additives: Acetylation of glycerol over zirconia-based solid acid catalysts, Catal. Commun., 11, 15, 2010, 1224–1228.
Z. Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, W. J. Yu, L. D. Li, M. H. Zhang, and Z. B. Zhang, A swelling-changeful catalyst for glycerol acetylation with controlled acid concentration, Fuel Process. Technol., 142, 2016, 228–234.
Q. A’yuni, S. Akhlus, H. Setyawati, and I. K. Murwani, Glycerol Acetylation Using Magnesium Fluoride Catalyst to Produced DAG and TAG, IPTEK J. Proc. Ser., 1, 4, 2017, 55.
P. V. Rao and B. V. A. Rao, Effect of adding Triacetin additive with Coconut oil methyl ester ( COME ) in performance and emission characteristics of DI diesel engine, Int. J. Therm. Technol., 1, 1, 2011, 100–106.
Z. Mufrodi, A. Budiman, and S. Purwono, operation conditions in syntesize of bioaditive from glycerol as by-product biodiesel: a review, Energy Procedia, 145, 2018, 434–439.
Z. Mufrodi, S. Rochmadi, and A. Budiman, Chemical Kinetics for Synthesis of Triacetin from Biodiesel Byproduct, Int. J. Chem., 4, 2, 2012, 101–107.
M. S. Khayoon and B. H. Hameed, Acetylation of glycerol to biofuel additives over sulfated activated carbon catalyst, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 19, 2011, 9229–9235.
Z. Mufrodi and S. Amelia, Esterification of glycerol with acetic acid in bioadditive triacetin with fe2o3/activated carbon catalyst, Key Eng. Mater., 849, 2020, 125–129.
L. Li, S. T. Yu, C. X. Xie, F. S. Liu, and H. J. Li, Synthesis of glycerol triacetate using functionalized ionic liquid as catalyst, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 84, 11, 2009, 1649–1652.
L. Zhou, T. H. Nguyen, and A. A. Adesina, The acetylation of glycerol over amberlyst-15: Kinetic and product distribution, Fuel Process. Technol., 104, 2012, 310–318.
R. B. Cahyono, Z. Mufrodi, A. Hidayat, and A. Budiman, Acetylation of glycerol for triacetin production using Zr-natural zeolite catalyst, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 11, 8, 2016, 5194–5197.
M. Balaraju, P. Nikhitha, K. Jagadeeswaraiah, K. Srilatha, P. S. Sai Prasad, and N. Lingaiah, Acetylation of glycerol to synthesize bioadditives over niobic acid supported tungstophosphoric acid catalysts, Fuel Process. Technol., 91, 2, 2010, 249–253.
Z. Mufrodi, E. Astuti, M. Syamsiro, Sutiman, and S. Purwono, Triacetin synthesis as bio-additive from glycerol using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts,”Key Eng. Mater., 849 KEM, 5, 2020, 90–95.
M. J. Da Silva, N. A. Liberto, L. C. De Andrade Leles, and U. A. Pereira, Fe4(SiW12O40)3-catalyzed glycerol acetylation: Synthesis of bioadditives by using highly active Lewis acid catalyst, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 422, 2016, 69–83.
C. E. Gonçalves, L. O. Laier, A. L. Cardoso, and M. J. Da Silva, Bioadditive synthesis from H 3PW 12O 40-catalyzed glycerol esterification with HOAc under mild reaction conditions, Fuel Process. Technol., 102, 2012, 46–52.
B. Mallesham, P. Sudarsanam, and B. M. Reddy, Production of biofuel additives from esterification and acetalization of bioglycerol over SnO2-based solid acids, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 49, 2014, 18775–18785.
Z. Mufrodi, Rochmadi, Sutijan, and A. Budiman, Synthesis acetylation of glycerol using batch reactor and continuous reactive distillation column, Eng. J., 18, 2, 2014, 29–39.
H. Rastegari, H. S. Ghaziaskar, M. Yalpani, and A. Shafiei, Development of a Continuous System Based on Azeotropic Reactive Distillation to Enhance Triacetin Selectivity in Glycerol Esterification with Acetic Acid, Energy and Fuels, 31, 8, 2017, 8256–8262.
D. Blanchi and E. Battistel, Glycerol derivatives as fuel components, DGMK Tagungsbericht, 3, 2008, 125–132, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289012517_Glycerol_derivatives_as_fuel_components
M. J. Pratas, S. V.D. Freitas, M. B. Oliveira, S. C. Monteiro, Á. S. Lima, and J. A. P. Coutinho, Biodiesel density: Experimental measurements and prediction models, Energy and Fuels, 25, 5, 2011, 2333–2340.
I. Nita, S. Geacai, and O. Iulian, Measurements and correlations of physico-chemical properties to composition of pseudo-binary mixtures with biodiesel, Renew. Energy, 36, 12, 2011, 3417–3423.
E. Alptekin and M. Canakci, Characterization of the key fuel properties of methyl ester-diesel fuel blends, Fuel, 88, 1, 2009, 75–80.
P. Mukhopadhyay and R. Chakraborty, Effects of Bioglycerol Based Fuel Additives on Diesel Fuel Property, Engine Performance and Emission Quality: A Review, 79. Elsevier B.V., 2015.
Eric Stauffer, Julia A.Dolan, Reta, and Newman, Chemistry and Physics of Fire and Liquid Fuels 4.1 DEFINITION OF FIRE 4.1.1 Basic Conditions A/ Fire Triangle, 2007.
J. Ackland, J. White, R. T. Waibel, and S. B. Londerville, Fuels,” in The Coen & Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, CRC Press, 2013, 110–133.
H. M. Tobib, H. Rostam, M. A. A. Mossa, A. Aziz Hairuddin, and M. M. Noor, The performance of an HCCI-DI engine fuelled with palm oil-based biodiesel, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 469, 1, 2019.
R. M. P. Gaspar and J. M. M. Sousa, Impact of alternative fuels on the operational and environmental performance of a small turbofan engine, Energy Convers. Manag., 130, 81–90, 2016.
F. Adian, B. Sugiarto, C. S. Wibowo, D. D. Primayandi, R. Hargiyanto, and H. Krisnanto, Comparison of the effect of 10% ethanol addition in 88 and 98 gasoline RON on motorcycle engine performance, AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2230, no. May, 2020.
M. A. R. S. Al-Baghdadi, Measurement and prediction study of the effect of ethanol blending on the performance and pollutants emission of a four-stroke spark ignition engine, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng., 222, 5, 2008, 859–873.
C. S. Wibowo, B. Sugiarto, A. Zikra, A. Budi, T. Mulya, and Maymuchar, The effect of gasoline-bioethanol blends to the value of fuel’s octane number, E3S Web Conf., 67, 2018, 4–6.
A. K. Rashid, M. R. Abu Mansor, A. Racovitza, and R. Chiriac, Combustion characteristics of various octane rating fuels for automotive thermal engines efficiency requirements, Energy Procedia, 157, 2018, 2019, 763–772.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
