EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC TREATMENT AND CALCINATION TEMPERATURE OF RICE HUSK ASH ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICA-CHITOSAN COMPOSITES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v61.i5.2026.2Keywords:
rice husk ash, silica, chitosan, ultrasonic treatment, calcination temperatureAbstract
This study investigates the effect of calcination temperature and ultrasonic treatment during the extraction of silica from rice husk ash and its implications for the characteristics of silica-chitosan composites. Rice husk ash was calcined at temperatures of 500, 600, and 700°C, followed by extraction using 2M NaOH solution with and without ultrasonic treatment. The extracted silica was subsequently combined with chitosan to form silica-chitosan composites. Characterization was carried out using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine SiO2 purity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for functional group identification, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis. The results showed that increasing the calcination temperature from 500°C to 700°C generally enhanced the silica yield (79.6 - 90.8 %) and purity (92.3 - 97.4 %). Ultrasonic treatment further improved the yield by approximately 2 - 5 % and increased the purity by about 0.5 - 2 % at each calcination temperature. FT-IR and XRD analyses indicated that the obtained silica was predominantly in the amorphous phase with strong Si-O-Si bonds, while the silica-chitosan composites exhibited intermolecular interactions involving -OH, -NH2, and Si-OH functional groups. The combination of calcination temperatures of 600 - 700°C and ultrasonic treatment produced high-quality silica that has strong potential to enhance the performance of silica-chitosan composites for dye adsorption and heavy metal ion removal applications.
References
R. Rachmat, Suismono, Model penggilingan padi terpadu untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah, Bul. Teknol. Pascapanen Pertanian, 8, 2, 2012, 99-111.
M. T. Rhaman, M. A. Haque, M. A. Rouf, M. A. B. Siddique, M. S. Islam, Preparation and characterization of activated carbon and amorphous silica from rice husk, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 50, 4, 2015, 263-270.
S. Ismail, A. Wali, Removal of heavy metals using rice husk ash: A review, Environ. Technol. Rev., 30, 3, 2011, 237-244.
J. Chun, J. H. Lee, Recent progress on the development of engineered silica particles derived from rice husk, Sustainability, 12, 24, 2020, 10683.
R. Dungani, R. Sari, D. Setyawati, S. Aprilia, E. N. Dewi, Potensi sekam padi sebagai sumber silika, J. Teknol., 7, 1, 2015, 10-17.
P. U. Nzereogu, A. D. Omah, F. I. Ezema, E. I. Iwuoha, A. C. Nwanya, Silica extraction from rice husk: Comprehensive review and applications, Hybrid Adv., 4, 6, 2023, 100111.
F. Kurniawati, M. Yusuf, Pengaruh suhu kalsinasi terhadap kemurnian silika dari abu sekam padi, J. Tek. Kimia, 24, 1, 2018, 15-22.
Y. García-Díaz, R. Torres-Ortega, M. Saba, E. Quiñones-Bolaños, J. Torres-Sanchez, Combined effect of nano-silica and silica fume to improve concrete workability and compressive strength: a case study, Ing. Competitividad, 25, 1, 2023, e-21612201.
P. A. Handayani, E. Nurjanah, W. D. P. Rengga, Pemanfaatan limbah sekam padi menjadi silika gel, J. Bahan Alam Terbarukan, 4, 2, 2015, 55-59.
A. Azhari, M. Aziz, Sintesis dan karakterisasi material berpori berbasis mineral silika Pulau Belitung, J. Teknol. Miner. Batubara, 12, 3, 2016, 161-172.
L. Trivana, S. Sugiarti, E. Rohaeti, Sintesis dan karakterisasi natrium silikat (Na₂SiO₃) dari sekam padi, Indones. J. Chem. Sci., 4, 2, 2015, 86-93.
A. Hanafi, A. R. Nandang, Studi pengaruh bentuk silika dari abu ampas tebu terhadap kekuatan produk keramik, J. Kimia Indones., 5, 1, 2010, 35-38.
B. O. Adigun, I. O. Adeosun, A. A. Nwachukwu, Advanced materials development from corncob ash for glass-ceramic applications, Ceramics International, 46, 9, 2020, 15390–15398.
U. Kalapathy, A. Proctor, J. Schultz, A simple method for production of pure silica from rice hull ash, Bioresour. Technol., 73, –, 2000, 257-262.
T. Hidayat, R. Fajri, Sintesis silika dari abu sekam padi menggunakan variasi jenis asam pada proses sol-gel, Pros. ReTII, 15, 1, 2021, 201-207.
M. T. Rahman, M. A. Haque, M. A. Rouf, M. A. B. Siddique, M. S. Islam, Effect of ultrasonic treatment on moisture content and adsorption capacity of silica derived from rice husk ash, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 52, 2, 2017, 101–108.
S. Woranuch, R. Yoksan, Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Characterization and release study, Carbohydr. Polym., 96, 2, 2013, 586-591.
S. Agustina, I. M. D. Swantara, I. N. Suartha, Isolasi kitin, karakterisasi, dan sintesis kitosan dari kulit udang, J. Kimia, 9, 2, 2015, 271-278.
R. K. M. Raturoma, B. Mangallo, M. H. Langsa, Komposit kitosan–abu sekam padi sebagai pupuk lepas lambat Fe²⁺ dan Mn²⁺, J. Natural, 17, 2, 2021, 97–103.
J. Ji, L.Li, L. Quan, B. Tian, P. Zhang, S. Li, The effects of calcination process parameters on RHA reactivity and mortar mechanical properties, Materials, 18, 3129, 2025, 1-12.
A. B. D. Nandiyanto, R. Oktiani, R. Ragadhita, How to read and interpret FTIR spectra, Indones. J. Sci. Technol., 5, 2, 2020, 97-118.
M. Blachnio, M. Zienkiewicz-Strzalka, A. Derylo-Marczewska, L.V. Nosach, E.F. Voronin, Chitosan–silica composites for adsorption application in the treatment of water and wastewater from anionic dyes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(14), 2023, 11818.
S. Mutrofin, L. Krisna, D. Mardiana, R. T. Tjahjanto, Acid isolation techniques for silica isolation from rice husk and determination of its physicochemical properties, J. Pure Appl. Chem. Res., 11, 1, 2022, 72–82.
A. Tetuko, R. Murhayanti, W. Sugiyo, Sintesis komposit kitosan–silika dan aplikasinya sebagai adsorben zat warna tekstil, Indones. J. Farmasi, 1, 1, 2016, 11-17.
Y. Farkhod, Y. Yulduzkhon, Y. Sukhrob, G. Temirov, Physicochemical characterization of anion-exchange resins based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl amine (PVA), Eur. J. Tech. Nat. Sci., 2025, 3, 24–28.
D. Dhaneswara, J. F. Fatriansyah, F. W. Situmorang, A. N. Haqoh, Synthesis of amorphous silica from rice husk ash: Comparing HCl and CH₃COOH acidification methods and various alkaline concentrations, Int. J. Technol., 11, 1, 2020, 200–208.
I. J. Fernandes, D. F. Calheiro, F. A. L. Sánchez, A. L. D. Camacho, T. L. A. de Campos Rocha, C. A. M. Moraes, V. C. de Sousa, Characterization of silica produced from rice husk ash: Comparison of purification and processing methods, Mater. Res., 20, Suppl. 2, 2017, 512–518.
R. Putri, R. Mulyawan, Nasrul Z. A., Suryati, R. Nurlaila, Karakteristik silika dari sekam padi berdasarkan variasi waktu dan suhu pembakaran, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Malikussaleh, 2022, 906–911.
A. Salama, R. E. Abou-Zeid, Ionic chitosan/silica nanocomposite as efficient adsorbent for organic pollutants from aqueous systems, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 626, 2021, 127042.
F. R. Scuto, C. Ciarlantini, V. Chiappini, L. Pietrelli, A. Piozzi, A. M. Girelli, Design of a 3D amino-functionalized rice husk ash nano-silica/chitosan/alginate composite as support for laccase immobilization, Polymers, 15, 14, 2023, 3127.
D. Rahmadhani, K. D. Yuliani, E. Frida, A. Taufiq, Hydrophobic and antibacterial properties of textiles using nanocomposite chitosan and SiO₂ from rice husk ash as coating, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng., 48, 2024, 366–374.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
